Obesity arises from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, accompanied by adipose tissue dysfunction, and is closely linked to metabolic disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain cancers. Adipose tissue expansion mainly involves hypertrophy of white adipocytes or hyperplasia from precursor cells. Adipogenic induction is pivotal for mechanistic research and drug development against obesity‑related diseases. The 3T3‑L1 cell line is the most widely used model for adipogenic differentiation, with Oil Red O staining as the standard detection method. This paper elaborates on the characteristics of white and brown adipose tissue, the pros and cons of commonly used cells (3T3‑L1, hMSCs, hADSCs), and provides a detailed protocol for adipogenic differentiation of 3T3‑L1 cells using reagent RC0044. Common issues including insufficient lipid droplet formation, excessive background staining, and massive cell death are analyzed with corresponding troubleshooting strategies, offering a reliable reference for adipogenic induction experiments.

Based on the core requirements of ELISA experiments, this article will systematically analyze the underlying logic and unique advantages of polystyrene as an ELISA solid-phase carrier from six dimensions: molecular interaction mechanism, optical performance adaptation, chemical stability compatibility, surface modification potential, molding precision advantages, and material comparison analysis, clarifying the core reasons for its irreplaceability.

Histones are basic structural proteins of chromosomes in eukaryotes, rich in positively charged basic amino acids (lysine and arginine), which can tightly bind to acidic DNA and are responsible for DNA packaging and regulation of gene expression.

Li Y-S and colleagues published a study in Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer to explore the key immune cell subsets associated with ICI response in NSCLC brain metastases through single-cell sequencing of CSF and brain metastasis tissues.

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is critical for cellular responses to DNA damage, triggering cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis. Its activity is tightly regulated via post‑translational modifications, including phosphorylation (Ser6/9/15/20/33/392) and acetylation (Lys382), which disrupt MDM2‑mediated degradation. Key kinases (ATM/ATR/Chk1/Chk2) and acetyltransferases (p300/CBP) modulate p53 function, while SIRT1 mediates deacetylation. Specific antibodies targeting modified p53 enable detection in research applications.

Organelle localization is a dynamic process regulated by the cytoskeleton and specific signal sequences. Endogenous targeting signals determine protein destinations, while exogenous strategies direct drugs and nanoparticles to organelles for therapy. Accurate subcellular distribution analysis aids therapeutic evaluation.

The NuRD complex is a key transcriptional repressor with nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase activities, comprising CHD3/4, HDAC1/2, RBAP46/48, MTA1-3, and MBD3. It regulates chromatin structure and gene expression, with specific antibodies available for research applications.

Nuclear receptors are ligand‑dependent transcription factors regulating reproduction, development and metabolism via post‑translational modifications. Key members include AR, ERα, GR, PPARγ, PR, RARs and RXRs, each mediating distinct biological processes. Relevant antibodies for research are listed.

Tight junctions (zona occludens) form a continuous fluid barrier across epithelium and endothelium, regulating paracellular permeability and maintaining cell polarity by blocking the movement of transmembrane proteins between apical and basolateral cell surfaces. Composed of claudin and occludin transmembrane proteins, tight junctions link to the cytoskeleton via zona occludens proteins ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3. The claudin family determines epithelial barrier properties, while ZO-1 and ZO-2 are essential for tight junction assembly and function; ZO-3 negatively regulates junction formation. Afadin participates in cell movement directionality, and CD2AP contributes to tight junction formation in specialized cells and EGFR endocytosis. This paper also lists relevant antibodies for tight junction protein detection.

cLEF1 and TCF belong to the high mobility group (HMG) DNA‑binding transcription factor family, which includes LEF1, TCF1 (TCF7), TCF3 (TCF7L1), and TCF4 (TCF7L2). LEF1 and TCF1/TCF7 are key regulators of early lymphoid development and act downstream of the Wnt signaling pathway. They bind to Wnt response elements and provide docking sites for β‑catenin; upon Wnt activation, β‑catenin translocates into the nucleus to promote target gene transcription. These proteins are dynamically expressed during development, and aberrant activation of the Wnt pathway is associated with many cancers including colon cancer. Relevant antibodies for detecting these proteins and reference literature are also listed.