Microglial Activation States and Related Markers
Microglial Activation States
Distinct microglial activation states have been identified using RNA-seq data from a vast array of neurological disease and aging models. These activation states have been categorized into modules corresponding to proliferation, neurodegeneration, interferon-relation, LPS-relation, and many others (1). Previous work identifying markers of specific brain cell types using RNA-seq has shown HS1 and ASC/TMS1 to be useful and specific tools to study microglia (2). HS1 is a protein kinase substrate that is expressed only in tissues and cells of hematopoietic origin (3) and ASC/TMS1 has been found to be a critical component of inflammatory signaling where it associates with and activates caspase-1 in response to pro-inflammatory signals (4).
Key Microglial Markers
CD68 is a common marker for macrophage lineage cells; with expression found in the lysosome making it a useful marker for activated phagocytic microglia (5). Galectin-3 has been shown to regulate inflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases, released by microglia in response to inflammatory stimuli (6). Cathepsin B is a widely expressed cysteine peptidase located in the lysosome as well as processed and secreted, playing a role in microglial-mediated neuronal death (7). Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) is a transcription factor responsible for adaptation to low oxygen environments whose downstream effects have been shown in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is proline hydroxylated leading to ubiquitin mediated degradation (8). Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase that binds Gas6, stimulating regulatory effects on microglial phagocytic response to inflammatory stimuli (9).
Relevant Antibodies
| Catalog# | Product Name | Reactivity | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| APRab04948 | Lck BP-1 (phospho Tyr397) Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody | Human, Rat, Mouse | WB, IHC-P |
| AMRe83923 | Cathepsin B Rabbit Monoclonal | Human | WB, IP, IHC, ICC, IF |
| AMRe12017 | HIF-1 alpha (3M10) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody | Human | WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC, IP, IF-P |
| AMRe12016 | HIF Prolyl Hydroxylases (11V1) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody | Human | WB, IHC-P, FC, IP, IF-P |
| AMRe11268 | Galectin 3 (3E18) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody | Human, Mouse, Rat | WB, IHC-P, ICC/IF, FC, IF-P |
| AMRe21059 | Axl Rabbit Monoclonal antibody | Human, Mouse, Rat | WB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA |
| AMRe21577 | CD68 Rabbit Monoclonal antibody | Human | WB, IHC, IF, IP, ELISA |
| APS0635 | HRP-conjugated Polyclonal Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L) Secondary Antibody | - | - |
| AMre80004 | GAPDH (12R9) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody | - | - |
Related Products
References
- Kitamura D, Kaneko H, Taniuchi I, Akagi K, Yamamura K, Watanabe T. Molecular cloning and characterization of mouse HS1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Mar 28;208(3):1137-46. [PMID: 7535527].
- Kitamura D, Kaneko H, Taniuchi I, Akagi K, Yamamura K, Watanabe T. Molecular cloning and characterization of mouse HS1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Mar 28;208(3):1137-46. [PMID: 7535527].
- Hopperton KE, Mohammad D, Trépanier MO, Giuliano V, Bazinet RP. Markers of microglia in post-mortem brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;23(2):177-198. [PMID: 29230021].
- Gan L, Ye S, Chu A, Anton K, Yi S, Vincent VA, von Schack D, Chin D, Murray J, Lohr S, Patthy L, Gonzalez-Zulueta M, Nikolich K, Urfer R. Identification of cathepsin B as a mediator of neuronal death induced by Abeta-activated microglial cells using a functional genomics approach. J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 13;279(7):5565-72. [PMID: 14612454].
 | Flora Flora is a technical support expert at EnkiLife, familiar with immunology and neuroscience, dedicated to providing customers with high-quality product combinations and technical support to help achieve research in neurodegenerative diseases and other neuroscience areas. |