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Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene function that can be inherited but do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence. At its core, epigenetics investigates the mechanisms that regulate gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. Nuclear signaling refers to signaling pathways within the cell nucleus that are triggered by transcription factors to initiate specific gene expression programs, thereby controlling cellular functions and behaviors.

Developmental biology is the study of the process by which living organisms develop from a single cell (fertilized egg) into mature individuals. It covers the dynamic processes from cell division and differentiation to the formation of tissues, organs, and entire organisms, exploring the mechanisms of embryonic development, cell fate determination, and the principles of morphogenesis. Beyond normal development, it also investigates the mechanisms of developmental abnormalities and related diseases.

Lung Cancer Research;Lung ;Cancer; Research

Cell markers are molecules or antigens on the cell membrane used to identify specific cells or organelles, and are crucial for cell classification and functional studies. These markers include proteins, glycoproteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, which play key roles in cell recognition, signaling, intercellular communication, and immune responses.

Cell Biology Cell biology is a discipline that studies the structure, function, and mechanisms of cellular activities, and is one of the core fields of modern life sciences. As the basic units of life, cells are studied at multiple levels, ranging from the molecular level to cell populations, with the aim of uncovering how cells maintain vital activities, adapt to environmental changes, and contribute to pathological mechanisms in diseases.

Cardiovascular research is a critical branch of medical science, focusing on the structure, function, and diseases of the heart and blood vessels. The cardiovascular system, which includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries, plays a vital role in delivering oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body while removing metabolic waste.

Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell proliferation and spread. It originates from genetic mutations in normal cells, which cause the cells to lose control over their growth and division, leading to tumor formation and potential spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is not only a genetic disease but also involves complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment, as well as adaptive evolution driven by natural selection.

Gliomas are tumors that originate from glial cells in the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), accounting for approximately 40%-50% of all primary brain tumors. They are also one of the most common and malignant types of tumors in adults' central nervous system. Based on the originating cell type, they can be classified into astrocytomas, ependymomas, or oligodendrogliomas. Due to their infiltrative growth characteristics, they are difficult to treat, have a high recurrence rate, and significantly impact the neurological function and survival period of patients

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of primary liver cancer worldwide (accounting for 70%-90% of primary liver cancer) and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. The development of liver cancer after hepatocyte injury is a multi-stage, multi-factor-driven complex pathological process involving molecular genetic changes and microenvironmental abnormalities, and the core logic is a vicious circle of "continuous injury→ abnormal repair→ cell malignancy→ tumor progression". This process usually takes years to decades, and the mechanism of damage varies slightly between different triggers (e.g., hepatitis B virus, alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc.), but there are commonalities in the final pathways

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the most common type of pathology in gastric cancer (about 90% of all gastric cancers). The occurrence of gastric adenocarcinoma begins with the normal gastric mucosa and undergoes a gradual development process of "chronic inflammation→ atrophic gastritis→ intestinal metaplasia→ dysplasia (intraepithelial neoplasia)", each stage is accompanied by abnormal accumulation at the molecular level. The core mechanism can be divided into three major links: external triggering, chronic inflammatory drive, and molecular genetic abnormalities.