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ATRXDaxx Antibody Sampler Kit

ATRXDaxx Antibody Sampler Kit
α-thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) is a transcriptional regulator and helicase that belongs to the SNF2 family of chromatin remodeling proteins. Together with its binding partner death-associated protein 6 (Daxx), ATRX acts as histone chaperone to deposit histone variant H3.3 at repetitive DNA sequences such as telomeric, pericentric, and ribosomal gene repeats. ATRX is involved in many nuclear functions  that ensure proper sister chromatid cohesion during mitosis and chromosome alignment during meiosis. The ATRX transcriptional regulator also plays a role in the maintenance of telomere integrity and the  regulation of gene expression during mammalian development by influencing DNA methylation patterns at high DNA repeat sequences.Mutations in the corresponding ATRX gene results in ATR-X syndrome, an X-linked disorder characterized by intellectual disabilities, craniofacial abnormalities, and mild α-thalassemia. Research studies indicate that the loss of ATRX protein occurs in numerous cancers, including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) and pediatric glioblastoma, where telomere maintenance occurs independently of telomerase.

Daxx is a ubiquitously expressed protein that was originally identified through a yeast two-hybrid screen as an interactor with the cytoplasmic    domain of Fas. It was found to enhance Fas-mediated apoptosis and activate the JNK pathway. However, additional studies have revealed that Daxx is actually a nuclear protein localizing to promyelocytic leukemia oncogenic domains (PODs). Nuclear interactions have since been observed with CENP-C, Pax3, DNA methyltransferase I and chromatin-associated proteins, including histone deacetylase II, H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and Dek.Roles for Daxx have been suggested in transcriptional repression and cell cycle control. Loss of Daxx in mice leads to embryonic lethality  with extensive developmental apoptosis, suggesting a role for Daxx directly or indirectly in suppressing cell death. Furthermore,  inhibition of Daxx expression using RNAi has confirmed Daxx to be anti-apoptotic and to repress transcriptional activity of targets,  including NF-κB and E2F-1.

(A) The SWI/SNF-like chromatin remodeler ATRX is found in various complexes throughout the chromosome to maintain distinct chromatin states. (B) Model summarizing ATRX’s roles in the epigenetic landscape. (Left) ATRX has chromatin remodeling function to bind and regulate genomic regions enriched for H3K9me3 via its ADD domain and HP1α. It also recruits EZH2 to deposit H3K27me3 to regulate transcription. (Right) ATRX functions to negatively regulate macroH2A (mH2a) deposition at the α-globin locus and telomeres and is critical in H3.3 deposition along with DAXX, particularly at repetitive regions (e.g., telomeres). (Center) ATRX also binds DNA through its SNF2_N helicase domain to resolve tandem repeats to promote transcription at the α-globin locus.
Relevant Antibodies
Catalog#Product NameReactivityApplication
APRab07357ATRX Rabbit Polyclonal AntibodyHuman, MouseIF-P, IF-F, ICC/IF, ELISA
AMRe02966Daxx Rabbit Monoclonal AntibodyHumanWB, ICC/IF
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References

  • Clynes D, Higgs DR, Gibbons RJ. The chromatin remodeller ATRX: a repeat offender in human disease. Trends Biochem Sci. 2013 Sep;38(9):461-6. Epub 2013 Aug 1. [PMID: 23916100].
  • Drané P, Ouararhni K, Depaux A, et,al. The death-associated protein DAXX is a novel histone chaperone involved in the replication-independent deposition of H3.3. Genes Dev. 2010 Jun 15;24(12):1253-65. Epub 2010 May 26. [PMID: 20504901].
  • Ritchie K, Seah C, Moulin J, et,al. Loss of ATRX leads to chromosome cohesion and congression defects. J Cell Biol. 2008 Jan 28;180(2):315-24.[PMID: 18227278].
  • De La Fuente R, Viveiros MM, Wigglesworth K, et,al. ATRX, a member of the SNF2 family of helicase/ATPases, is required for chromosome alignment and meiotic spindle organization in metaphase II stage mouse oocytes. Dev Biol. 2004 Aug 1;272(1):1-14. [PMID: 15242786].
  • Gibbons RJ, Picketts DJ, Villard L. Mutations in a putative global transcriptional regulator cause X-linked mental retardation with alpha-thalassemia (ATR-X syndrome). Cell. 1995 Mar 24;80(6):837-45. [PMID: 7697714].
  • Torii S, Egan DA, Evans RA, et,al. Human Daxx regulates Fas-induced apoptosis from nuclear PML oncogenic domains (PODs). EMBO J. 1999 Nov 1;18(21):6037-49.[PMID: 10545115].
  • Suihko ML, Stackebrandt E. Identification of aerobic mesophilic bacilli isolated from board and paper products containing recycled fibres. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;94(1):25-34.[PMID: 12492920].

Flora

Flora

Flora is a technical support expert at EnkiLife, familiar with immunology and neuroscience, dedicated to providing customers with high-quality product combinations and technical support to help achieve research in neurodegenerative diseases and other neuroscience areas.